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GREENHOUSE EFFECT AND ITS IMPLICATIONS

The greenhouse effect perhaps the most important natural phenomena and can lead to major changes in our ways of life in our lives. Today, whenever there is a natural disaster, the greenhouse effect seems to be on the agenda. Not that long ago that scientists were contemptuous of the Greenhouse Effect and there are some still do not believe there is, as there are still people out there who think the world is still flat and the Holocaust never existed. So what is the greenhouse effect?

What is the greenhouse effect?
The greenhouse effect is culmination of several greenhouse gases have been trapped in Earth's stratosphere that is leading to the changing climate of the word.

• Under influence of the sun, the earth's temperature varies from 0-50 º C approximately, with an average night and day, winter and summer, about 15 ° C

• The heating is done by the sun's rays, even the very short, ultraviolet (UV) and longer infrared (IR) rays that give the feeling warm when you go out into the sunlight, like an electric radiator heats up when you turn it on and approach him.

• Some of the incoming rays reflected back by clouds in the sky and the sea and land, particularly the deserts and snowfields.

• Not all the reflected rays back into space however, the atmosphere is radiated back many of the infrared rays to the earth making it warmer. It is this ability of the atmosphere to the warm rays radiating from creates new Greenhouse.

• Water vapor, carbon dioxide and some other gases absorb some of this radiation and to avoid being sent back into space. This blanket "effect keeps the earth warm. History of the greenhouse effect is not a new phenomenon or concept. The term "greenhouse greenhouse was used for the first time in the nineteenth century by Irish scientist John Tyndall was born in an article he wrote in the Philosophical Magazine of London in 1863. It was not until the 1960s that Professor Bert Bolin at Stockholm University he worked on the phenomenon. When he discussed with his fellow scientists said "This is science fiction. I do not think so." However, the mid-1970s things were beginning to change rapidly as scientists were beginning to accept that he was right.

How do we know that there is the greenhouse effect? What is the evidence?

1. 1. Scientists have analyzed the weather on planets such as Venus and the Moon. Venus, which is covered by a dense atmosphere of carbon dioxide. Its surface temperature is about 500 º C. While the moon has no atmosphere that has an average temperature of -18 º C. Our atmosphere keeps the surface of our land, an average of 15 º C, about 33 º C warmer and therefore habitable.
2. Evidence from ice cores in the last 160,000 years dioxide carbon and levels of methane trapped in ice cores have changed with the global temperature. Scientists have been able to drill ice cores from the Arctic and Antarctic and measure levels of carbon dioxide and methane.
3. Increased surface temperature of about 0.5 º C over 100 years as studies increased carbon dioxide levels conducted by scientists have concluded that the planet's temperature remained constant until the onset of the Industrial Revolution. In fact, did not change much until the beginning of the twentieth century.

• From 1880 to 1940 there was a warming of only a quarter of a degree. Most of it was lost between 1940 and 1970.
• Between 1950 and 1980, the average surface temperature was 15 degrees C.
• Between 1970 and 1980 the average temperature rose three tenths Grade C.
• 1987 and 1988 were the warmest years on record, and since then temperatures have been rising. In 2009, Victoria, Australia, experienced hottest two days in C-46 º registration, and one day (06 February) leading to Australia's worst natural disaster in which more than 170 people died as a result of forest fires.

4. Sea levels are rising and small glaciers are melting.

• Scientists using the technology of satellite imagery and have been able to control the melting of polar icecaps and glaciers.

What are the results of the greenhouse effect?

Using sophisticated computer models, scientists have been able to predict what the world's climate will be like when carbon dioxide levels have doubled.

1. Global temperature increase is believed to be a rise in global average temperature between 1.5 and 4.5 º C. • By 2030 an increase of 2 degrees C, for the year 2100 an increase of 6 º C. Warming is higher in high latitudes in winter. This will lead to melting ice caps and glaciers is already evident in places like Greenland, the Arctic and Antarctica.
2. The changes in the climate of the world The Greenhouse will lead to worldwide changes in weather and climate. Some places may get more rain and thunderstorms, while in other places may be less. Not all changes to be bad. However, most people will have changes in climate, which have a major impact in our lives
3. The sea level rise is estimated that by 2030 the average sea level will rise about 20 centimeters. This is mainly the melting polar ice cap, but also the global warming heats the upper layers of the oceans, which will expand when heated. For countries with low lying in the Pacific such as Tuvalu and Kiribati, and the Indian Ocean, the Maldives and other countries like the Netherlands may disappear completely.
4. Other impacts Other impacts could be the extinction of some species of animals and plants, such as marine and coastal environments and coral reefs. Some plants would not be able to survive temperature increases. It takes thousands of years for the forests to the north or south to cooler climates. According to Joel B. Smith, co-author of an EPA report states that "warming over a century the forests would be necessary to move five times faster than the fastest recorded by paleontologists from the end of the last ice age. "

What are the primary greenhouse gases?

There are a number of organic compounds having more than two links (ie, three atoms). The main greenhouse gases seven are:

1. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
2. Ozone (O3)
3. Methane (CH4)
4. (CFC's F11 and F12 Freon)
5. Water vapor (H2O)
6. Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
7. Ethane (CH3CH3)

Where do they come?

• Most greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels. Everything from power plants, vehicles motor, coolers, and factory emissions
• However, the CO2 also a result of deforestation, which releases carbon locked in the soil when trees are felled.
• CH4 is released from agriculture, such as sheep, cows and manure and places such as points, processing plants wastewater and mining.

Fossil fuel contributions

Due to the nature of carbon to hydrogen ratio, different fossil fuels emit different levels of CO2.

Fossil carbon dioxide to hydrogen ratio

Coal approx. 1:01
Oil approx. 1:02
About Natural Gas. 1:04

• Therefore the combustion of coal produces twice the CO2 gas natural

CO2 levels in the atmosphere (parts per million)

Pre-Industrial Revolution 270 ppm
1988 345 ppm
Today> 355 ppm

• By measuring the gas bubbles trapped in polar ice, scientists have shown that the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere before the Industrial Revolution was about 270 parts per million (ppm).
• A special monitoring station established the top of the mountain Mauna Loa in the Hawaiian Islands for 1957 showed that levels of CO2 in the atmosphere to 315 ppm, an increase of 17%.
• By 1988, he had spent 345 ppm. An increase in 31 years another 11%. A total increased by 30% since the start of the Industrial Revolution.
• most expert estimates that CO2 will reach a level of 500-700 ppm in 2050, twice in 200 years.

The percentage contribution of greenhouse gases to the greenhouse effect

CO2 55%
CFC (F-11/F-12) * 17%
CH4 15%
NO 26%
Another 7%

* Please note that CFCs have been phased out since the mid of the nineties

To stablise atmospheric concentration of different gases at present levels of days, the following reductions would needed immediately:

60% CO2
15-20% CH4
70-80% NO2
CFC (F-11) * 70-75%
CFC (F-12) * 75-85%

The remaining scientific uncertainty
No argument that rising concentrations of heat-trapping gases will result in an increase in average temperatures worldwide.

However, there is a discussion on the measure in some cases of several positive and negative effects.

1. The uncertainty in the effects cooling effect of cumulus clouds reflect sunlight negative effect of high altitude incoming positive clouds trap infrared radiation from the Earth

• This uncertainty explains variations in temperature of 1.5 º C to 4.5 º C.

2. The combustion of fossil fuels such as coal sulfur dioxide (SO2) has been cooling.

3. Variations in the production of sunshine are responsible for temperature increases.

4. Levels the ocean, of course, will increase due to thermal expansion of ocean surface waters and the melting of glaciers.

• An increase temperature will lead to increased rainfall, increasing the thickness of polar ice, which reduces the sea level.

5. Natural regional climate changes such as deforestation and forest fires, as opposed to global changes.

Reduction Policies Greenhouse Emissions Problems

1. Different countries emit per capita CO2 levels very different
2. Countries have very different per capita income
3. Very difficult to solve the global warming potential for each greenhouse gas in terms of CO2 equivalent.
4. Gas emissions from various countries are not known with certainty

Policies

1. Each country can the same percentage reduction

• The current per capita emission rates are taken as the standard mixed
• Poor countries want to increase fossil fuel use

2. Each country has emission quotas are the same countries by selling shares basis.These capita countries rich.

3. Rich countries could reduce emissions by 20% without reductions required by poor countries.

• Not all countries rich have high CO2 emissions, and not all poor countries are low emitters because of deforestation.

4. Suppose Australia, which is high income and high per capita greenhouse gas emitter is required to reduce emissions by 20%.

• How should it be reduced? By: a) each state? b) every section of the industry?

Some methods for reducing CO2 emissions have a negative impact on our lives;
• Better management natural resources;
• Reducing waste in the manufacturing industry;
• Find alternatives end revaluation of waste (recycling and reuse);
• Acquisition under the reeds and the assets that we do not need (In Australia, an estimated value of U.S. $ 10 billion U.S. dollars per year);
• Buying quality goods that do not have to be replaced as often;
• Recycled more (for example, takes about eight times more energy to convert aluminum bauxite than it does to recycle)
• Reducing the use of motor vehicles;
• Greater use of public transport;
• More efficient lighting, heating and cooling
• Improved insulation;
• Less reliance on electricity and electrical goods and machines;
• More efficient electrical appliances;
• more efficient cars;
• Alternative technologies from sources natural as wind, thermal and tidal energy;
• Conversion of landfill sites and sewage plants on the soles of methane;
• Bio-fuels such as biodiesel, methanol and ethanol production from organic waste sources
• Reduce large-scale deforestation and land clearing;
• Increase tree planting;
• more efficient agriculture, including no-till and conservation farming methods;
• Organic farming.

About the Author

Tobi Nagy specialises in sustainable development and building competitive advantage into businesses. He is CEO of Think-Grow-Sustain, a "Cleantech" venture acceleration and commercialisation organisation which helps nurture and grow businesses, through planning, modelling, structuring, sales and marketing and governance frameworks, so that they become investment ready.

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